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... Network Time Protocol server in the firmware of hundreds
of thousands of Internet hosts that are now in operation worldwide.
The hosts are primarily, but are not necessarily, limited to low-cost
...
... Internet hosts that are now in operation worldwide.
The hosts are primarily, but are not necessarily, limited to low-cost
routers and middleboxes for personal or residential use. In another
...
... IP addresses as identifiers
within the host's firmware presents significant problems to the
operation of the Internet and to the management ...
...
Ostensibly, this practice arose as an attempt to simplify IP host
configuration by pre-loading hosts with IP addresses. Products that
...
... Ostensibly, this practice arose as an attempt to simplify IP host
configuration by pre-loading hosts with IP addresses. Products that
rely on such embedded IP addresses ...
... unique, globally-routable IP addresses in Internet hosts, describes
some of the resulting problems, and considers selected alternatives.
It also reminds the Internet community ...
... IP addresses in products has caused an increasing
number of Internet hosts to rely on a single central Internet
service. This can result in a service outage when the aggregate
...
... in an ever-increasing number of client IP hosts, this practice runs
directly counter to the design intent of hierarchically deployed
...
... requirement for configuration changes in the client hosts. For
instance, one common load-balancing technique employs multiple DNS
records with the same name; the set of answers that is returned is
...
... address well
after the IP address or block has been reassigned and no longer hosts
the service for which that traffic ...
... IP addresses are embedded in the configuration of many Internet
hosts, the IP address blocks become encumbered by their historical
use. This may interfere with the ability of the Internet Assigned
Numbers Authority ...
... Because consumers are not necessarily experienced in the operation of
Internet hosts, they cannot be relied upon to fix problems, if and
when they arise. Therefore, a significant responsibility lies with
the manufacturer or vendor ...
... the manufacturer or vendor of an Internet host to avoid embedding IP
addresses in ways that cause the aforementioned problems.
...
... Internet that they happen to
observe today. A myriad of private or future internetworks in which
these products will be used may not allow those hosts to establish
communications with arbitrary hosts on the global Internet ...
... these products will be used may not allow those hosts to establish
communications with arbitrary hosts on the global Internet. Since
the product failure modes resulting from an unknown future
...
... products. This is especially true of features that generate
unsolicited Internet traffic. In this way, these hosts will be
conservative regarding the unsolicited Internet traffic they produce.
...
...
Internet hosts should use the Domain Name System to determine the IP
addresses associated with the Internet services ...
... identifiers in the configurations
of deployed Internet hosts, designers and vendors are encouraged to
introduce service names ...
... domain names enable ongoing maintenance and reconfiguration of the
services for their client hosts and can aid in the ongoing
measurement of service usage throughout the product's lifetime ...
... Default configurations, documentation, and example configurations for
Internet hosts should use Internet addresses that reside within
special blocks that have been reserved for these purposes, rather
...
...
Embedding or "hard-coding" IP addresses within a host's configuration
often means that a host-based trust model ...
... IP addresses within a host's configuration
often means that a host-based trust model is being employed, and that
the Internet ...
... trust model is being employed, and that
the Internet host with the given address is trusted in some way. Due
to the ephemeral roles ...
...
Internet host designers may be tempted to implement some sort of
remote control mechanism within a product, by which its Internet host
configuration ...
... host designers may be tempted to implement some sort of
remote control mechanism within a product, by which its Internet host
configuration can be changed without reliance on, interaction with,
or even the knowledge of, its operator or user. This raises security
issues of its own. If such a scheme is implemented, its presence
...
...
When large numbers of homogeneous Internet hosts are deployed, it is
particularly important that both their designers and other members of
the Internet community ...
... particularly important that both their designers and other members of
the Internet community diligently assess host implementation quality
and reconfigurability.
...
...
Implementors of host services should avoid any kind of use of unique
globally-routable IP addresses ...