Internet
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... network gear have
unfortunately chosen to embed, or "hard-code", globally-routable
Internet Protocol addresses within their products' firmware. These
embedded IP addresses ...
... subnet
identifiers, specifying sets of Internet addresses that the given
product somehow treats specially.
...
... IP
address of a Network Time Protocol server in the firmware of hundreds
of thousands of Internet hosts that are now in operation worldwide.
The hosts ...
... routers and middleboxes for personal or residential use. In another
case, IP address prefixes that had once been reserved by the Internet
Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) were embedded in a router product
...
... within the host's firmware presents significant problems to the
operation of the Internet and to the management of its address space.
...
... IP addresses initially may appear to be
convenient to the product's designer and to its operator or user, but
this dubious benefit comes at the expense of others in the Internet
community.
This document denounces the practice of embedding references to
...
... This document denounces the practice of embedding references to
unique, globally-routable IP addresses in Internet hosts, describes
some of the resulting problems, and considers selected alternatives.
...
... hosts, describes
some of the resulting problems, and considers selected alternatives.
It also reminds the Internet community of the ephemeral nature of
unique, globally-routable IP addresses; the assignment and use of IP
addresses ...
... The embedding of IP addresses in products has caused an increasing
number of Internet hosts to rely on a single central Internet
service. This can result in a service ...
... number of Internet hosts to rely on a single central Internet
service. This can result in a service outage when the aggregate
workload overwhelms that service ...
... reliability, scalability, and performance of many Internet
services require that the pool of users not access a service using
its IP address ...
... hosts, the IP address blocks become encumbered by their historical
use. This may interfere with the ability of the Internet Assigned
Numbers Authority (IANA) and the Internet Registry (IR ...
... use. This may interfere with the ability of the Internet Assigned
Numbers Authority (IANA) and the Internet Registry (IR) hierarchy to
usefully reallocate IP address ...
... IP
address reuse, RFC 2050 [1], encourages Internet Service Providers
(ISPs) to treat address ...
...
Because consumers are not necessarily experienced in the operation of
Internet hosts, they cannot be relied upon to fix problems, if and
when they arise. Therefore, a significant responsibility lies with
...
... when they arise. Therefore, a significant responsibility lies with
the manufacturer or vendor of an Internet host to avoid embedding IP
addresses in ways that cause the aforementioned problems.
...
... network product
manufacturers, should not assume that their products will be deployed
and used in only the single global Internet that they happen to
observe today. A myriad of private or future internetworks in which
these products will be used may not allow those hosts ...
... hosts to establish
communications with arbitrary hosts on the global Internet. Since
the product failure modes resulting from an unknown future
internetwork environment cannot be fully explored, one should avoid
...
... the product failure modes resulting from an unknown future
internetwork environment cannot be fully explored, one should avoid
assumptions regarding the longevity of our current Internet.
The following recommendations are presented as best practice ...
... Vendors should, by default, disable unnecessary features in their
products. This is especially true of features that generate
unsolicited Internet traffic. In this way, these hosts will be
conservative regarding the unsolicited Internet traffic ...
... Internet traffic. In this way, these hosts will be
conservative regarding the unsolicited Internet traffic they produce.
For instance, one of the most common uses of embedded IP addresses
...
... Vendors should provide an operator interface for every feature that
generates unsolicited Internet traffic. A prime example is this:
the Domain Name System resolver should have an interface ...
... hosts should use the Domain Name System to determine the IP
addresses associated with the Internet services they require.
When using domain names ...
... service identifiers in the configurations
of deployed Internet hosts, designers and vendors are encouraged to
...
... agreement with
its operator (such as for public services provided by the Internet
community). This is commonly done by introducing a service-specific
prefix ...
...
Default configurations, documentation, and example configurations for
Internet hosts should use Internet addresses that reside within
...
... Internet hosts should use Internet addresses that reside within
special blocks that have been reserved for these purposes, rather
than unique, globally-routable IP addresses ...
...
Operators who provide public services on the global Internet, such as
those in the NTP community, should deprecate the explicit
...
... host-based trust model is being employed, and that
the Internet host with the given address is trusted in some way. Due
...
... be trusted inadvertently.
Internet host designers may be tempted to implement some sort of
remote control mechanism within a product, by which its Internet ...
... Internet host designers may be tempted to implement some sort of
remote control mechanism within a product, by which its Internet host
configuration can be changed without reliance on, interaction with,
or even the knowledge of, its operator or user. This raises security
issues ...
...
When large numbers of homogeneous Internet hosts are deployed, it is
particularly important that both their designers and other members of
...
... hosts are deployed, it is
particularly important that both their designers and other members of
the Internet community diligently assess host implementation quality
and reconfigurability.
...
... Hubbard, K., Kosters, M., Conrad, D., Karrenberg, D., and J. Postel, "Internet Registry IP Allocation Guidelines", BCP 12, RFC 2050 ...
... Plonka, D., "Flawed Routers Flood University of Wisconsin Internet Time Server", August 2003. http://www.cs.wisc.edu/~plonka/netgear-sntp/ ...
... IP address 128.105.39.11, and hence produces a large
scale flood of Internet traffic from hundreds of thousands of source
addresses, destined for the University's network, resulting in
...
... These flawed routers are widely deployed throughout the global
Internet and are likely to remain in use for years to come. As such,
the University of Wisconsin, with the cooperation of NetGear, will
build a new anycast ...
...
Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2005).
This document is subject ...
... AS IS" basis and THE CONTRIBUTOR, THE ORGANIZATION HE/SHE REPRESENTS
OR IS SPONSORED BY (IF ANY), THE INTERNET SOCIETY AND THE INTERNET
ENGINEERING TASK FORCE DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED,
...
... OR IS SPONSORED BY (IF ANY), THE INTERNET SOCIETY AND THE INTERNET
ENGINEERING TASK FORCE DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED,
INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF THE
INFORMATION ...
...
Funding for the RFC Editor function is currently provided by the
Internet Society.
...