IP address
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... Internet Protocol addresses within their products' firmware. These
embedded IP addresses are typically individual server IP addresses or
IP subnet ...
... addresses within their products' firmware. These
embedded IP addresses are typically individual server IP addresses or
IP subnet prefixes ...
... product somehow treats specially.
One recent example was the embedding of the globally-routable IP
address of a Network Time Protocol server in the firmware of hundreds
of thousands of Internet ...
... routers and middleboxes for personal or residential use. In another
case, IP address prefixes that had once been reserved by the Internet
Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) were embedded in a router ...
... source IP addresses.
Such "hard-coding" of globally-routable IP addresses as identifiers
within the host ...
... IP host
configuration by pre-loading hosts with IP addresses. Products that
rely on such embedded IP addresses initially may appear to be
...
... hosts with IP addresses. Products that
rely on such embedded IP addresses initially may appear to be
convenient to the product's designer and to its operator or user, but
this dubious benefit comes at the expense of others in the Internet
community ...
...
This document denounces the practice of embedding references to
unique, globally-routable IP addresses in Internet hosts, describes
...
... It also reminds the Internet community of the ephemeral nature of
unique, globally-routable IP addresses; the assignment and use of IP
addresses as identifiers is temporary and therefore should not be
...
... Internet community of the ephemeral nature of
unique, globally-routable IP addresses; the assignment and use of IP
addresses as identifiers is temporary and therefore should not be
used in fixed configurations.
...
... Internet
services require that the pool of users not access a service using
its IP address directly. Instead, they typically rely on a level of
indirection provided by the Domain Name System, RFC 2219 ...
... the answers in order, until one succeeds, thus enabling the operator
to distribute the user request load across a set of servers with
discrete IP addresses that generally remain unknown to the user.
Embedding globally-unique IP addresses ...
... IP addresses that generally remain unknown to the user.
Embedding globally-unique IP addresses taints the IP address blocks
in which they reside, lessening the usefulness and mobility of those
...
...
Embedding globally-unique IP addresses taints the IP address blocks
in which they reside, lessening the usefulness and mobility of those
IP address ...
... IP address blocks
in which they reside, lessening the usefulness and mobility of those
IP address blocks and increasing the cost of operation. Unsolicited
traffic may continue to be delivered to the embedded address ...
... traffic may continue to be delivered to the embedded address well
after the IP address or block has been reassigned and no longer hosts
the service ...
... into severe question.
When IP addresses are embedded in the configuration of many Internet
hosts ...
... Internet
hosts, the IP address blocks become encumbered by their historical
use. This may interfere with the ability of the Internet Assigned
Numbers Authority (IANA ...
... Internet Registry (IR) hierarchy to
usefully reallocate IP address blocks. Likewise, to facilitate IP
address reuse, RFC 2050 [1 ...
... IR) hierarchy to
usefully reallocate IP address blocks. Likewise, to facilitate IP
address reuse, RFC 2050 [1], encourages Internet Service Providers ...
... vendor of an Internet host to avoid embedding IP
addresses in ways that cause the aforementioned problems.
...
... conservative regarding the unsolicited Internet traffic they produce.
For instance, one of the most common uses of embedded IP addresses
has been the hard-coding of addresses of well known public Simple
Network Time Protocol ...
... Internet hosts should use the Domain Name System to determine the IP
addresses associated with the Internet services they require.
...
... service identifiers
rather than IP addresses is not a panacea. Entries in the domain
name space are also ephemeral and can change owners for various
reasons, including acquisitions and litigation. As such, developers
...
... Use Special-Purpose, Reserved IP Addresses When Available ...
... Internet addresses that reside within
special blocks that have been reserved for these purposes, rather
than unique, globally-routable IP addresses. For IPv4, RFC 3330 [3 ...
... Avoid Mentioning the IP Addresses of Services ...
... those in the NTP community, should deprecate the explicit
advertisement of the IP addresses of public services. These
addresses ...
...
Embedding or "hard-coding" IP addresses within a host's configuration
often means that a host-based ...
... address is trusted in some way. Due
to the ephemeral roles of globally-routable IP addresses, the
practice of embedding them within products' firmware or default
configurations presents a security risk ...
... host services should avoid any kind of use of unique
globally-routable IP addresses within a fixed configuration part of
the service implementation. If there is a requirement ...
... identifier and to use standard mechanisms for dynamically
resolving the identifier into an IP address. Also, any such
identifiers should be alterable in the field through a conventional
...
... 700,000 routers with firmware containing a hard-coded reference to
the IP address of one of the University's NTP servers:
128.105.39.11, which was also known as "ntp1.cs.wisc.edu", a public
...
... query per second
destined for the IP address 128.105.39.11, and hence produces a large
scale flood of Internet traffic ...