broadcast
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... high-speed local area networks,
is a good base for many applications. Since broadcasting is not
covered in the basic IP specification [13 ...
... We consider here only the case of unreliable, unsequenced, possibly
duplicated datagram broadcasts (for a discussion of TCP broadcasting ...
... broadcasts (for a discussion of TCP broadcasting,
see [11].) Even though unreliable and limited in length, datagram ...
... 11].) Even though unreliable and limited in length, datagram
broadcasts are quite useful [1].
...
... data link layer of the local network supports
efficient broadcasting. Most common local area networks do support
broadcast ...
... broadcasting. Most common local area networks do support
broadcast; for example, Ethernet [7, 5 ...
...
We do not assume, however, that broadcasts are reliably delivered.
(One might consider providing a reliable broadcast protocol as a
...
... We do not assume, however, that broadcasts are reliably delivered.
(One might consider providing a reliable broadcast protocol as a
layer above IP ...
... IP.) It is quite expensive to guarantee delivery of
broadcasts; instead, what we assume is that a host will receive most
of the broadcasts ...
... broadcasts; instead, what we assume is that a host will receive most
of the broadcasts that are sent. This is important to avoid
excessive use of broadcasts; since every host ...
... of the broadcasts that are sent. This is important to avoid
excessive use of broadcasts; since every host on the network devotes
...
...
When a datagram is broadcast, it imposes a cost on every host that
hears it. Therefore, broadcasting ...
... broadcast, it imposes a cost on every host that
hears it. Therefore, broadcasting should not be used
indiscriminately, but rather only when it is the best solution to a
problem.
...
... the numerous complications arising from the interactions between
subnets and broadcasting; see [9] for a complete discussion.
...
... Why Broadcast? ...
...
Broadcasts are useful when a host needs to find information without
knowing exactly what other host ...
... addresses of "Prime" gateways.)
Fortunately, broadcasting provides a fast and simple way for a host
to reach all of its neighbors ...
...
A host might also use a broadcast to provide all of its neighbors
with some information; for example, a gateway ...
...
One way to view broadcasting is as an imperfect substitute for
multicasting, the sending of messages to a subset of the hosts ...
... hosts on a
network. In practice, broadcasts are usually used where multicasts
are what is wanted; packets are broadcast ...
... broadcasts are usually used where multicasts
are what is wanted; packets are broadcast at the hardware level, but
filtering ...
... host, but the sending
host broadcasts it at the data link layer, perhaps to avoid
having to do routing ...
... having to do routing. Since this is not an IP broadcast, the IP
layer is not involved, except that a host should discard
...
... host-number part of the IP address denotes
broadcast instead of a specific host. The receiving IP layer ...
... address as well as its own.
However, it might still be useful to distinguish at higher
levels between broadcasts and non-broadcasts, especially in
gateways ...
... However, it might still be useful to distinguish at higher
levels between broadcasts and non-broadcasts, especially in
gateways. This is the most useful case of broadcast ...
... broadcasts, especially in
gateways. This is the most useful case of broadcast; it allows a
host to discover gateways ...
... hosts on a remote IP network: It is
occasionally useful to send a broadcast to all hosts on a
non-local ...
... IP network.
This case is the same as local-network broadcasts; the datagram
is routed by normal mechanisms until it reaches a gateway ...
... destination IP network, at which point it is
broadcast. This class of broadcasting is also known as "directed
...
... broadcast. This class of broadcasting is also known as "directed
broadcasting", or quaintly as sending a "letter bomb" [1 ...
... class of broadcasting is also known as "directed
broadcasting", or quaintly as sending a "letter bomb" [1].
...
... Broadcast to the entire Internet: This is probably not useful,
and almost certainly not desirable.
...
... security, a gateway may choose not to
forward broadcasts; especially, it may be a good idea to ban
broadcasts into or out of an autonomous group ...
... forward broadcasts; especially, it may be a good idea to ban
broadcasts into or out of an autonomous group of networks.
...
... IP receiving layer must be modified to support broadcasting.
In the absence of broadcasting, a host ...
... layer must be modified to support broadcasting.
In the absence of broadcasting, a host determines if it is the
recipient of a datagram ...
... destination address against
all of its IP addresses. With broadcasting, a host must compare the
destination address ...
... IP host wishing to
send either a local broadcast or a directed broadcast need only
specify the appropriate destination address ...
... host wishing to
send either a local broadcast or a directed broadcast need only
specify the appropriate destination address and send the datagram ...
... Gateways and Broadcasts ...
... gateways. If
a gateway receives a directed broadcast for a network to which it is
not connected, it simply forwards it using the usual mechanism.
...
...
When a gateway receives a local broadcast datagram, there are several
things it might have to do with it. The situation is unambiguous,
...
...
The appropriate action to take on receipt of a broadcast datagram
depends on several things: the subnet ...
... which the gateway is connected, it should be sent as a (data
link layer) broadcast on that network. Again, the gateway
...
... data
link layer address, the choice of an IP "broadcast host number" is
somewhat arbitrary. For simplicity, it should be one not likely to
...
... broadcast to all of net 36 by using 36.255.255.255
...
... If the use of "all ones" in a field of an IP address means
"broadcast", using "all zeros" could be viewed as meaning
"unspecified". There is probably no reason for such addresses to
...
... ARP Servers and Broadcasts ...
... ARP) described in [12] can, if
incorrectly implemented, cause problems when broadcasts are used
on a network where not all hosts ...
... network where not all hosts share an understanding of what a
broadcast address is. The temptation exists to modify the ARP
...
... ARP server should never
respond to a request whose target is a broadcast address. Such a
request can only come from a host ...
... request can only come from a host that does not recognize the
broadcast address as such, and so honoring it would almost
certainly lead to a forwarding loop. If there are N such hosts ...
... network that do not recognize this address as a
broadcast, then a datagram sent with a Time-To-Live of T could
...
... datagram sent with a Time-To-Live of T could
potentially give rise to T**N spurious re-broadcasts.
...
... David Reeves Boggs. Internet Broadcasting. Ph.D. Th., Stanford University, January 1982. ...
... Yogan Kantilal Dalal. Broadcast Protocols in Packet Switched Computer Networks. Ph.D. Th., Stanford University, April 1977. ...
... Yogan K. Dalal and Robert M. Metcalfe. "Reverse Path Forwarding of Broadcast Packets". Comm. ACM 21, 12, pp1040-1048, December 1978. ...
... William W. Plummer. Internet Broadcast Protocols. IEN-10, Bolt Beranek and Newman, March 1977. ...
... David W. Wall. Mechanisms for Broadcast and Selective Broadcast. Ph.D. Th., Stanford University, June 1980. ...
... David W. Wall. Mechanisms for Broadcast and Selective Broadcast. Ph.D. Th., Stanford University, June 1980. ...
... David W. Wall and Susan S. Owicki. Center-based Broadcasting. Computer Systems Lab Technical Report TR189, Stanford University, June 1980. ...